In 1517, a man wrote down his disagreements with the church and nailed it to the door. This one man was known as Martin Luther, the leader of the Protestant Reformation, and his paper was the infamous 95 Theses. But why did he write this paper? Even though he was a Catholic Monk, Martin Luther did not believe several things that the church believed and disagreed with them about some of their practices. The main one was indulgences. This is where somebody buys their way out of Purgatory. The sacrament of confession erases the permanent consequences (going to hell) but something else must be done to remove the temporal punishment (doing a good deed). Instead of a good deed, the sinner could buy an indulgence, extra good deeds accumulated by the saints and Christ but were never used in their judgment. Martin Luther wanted the Catholic church to reform and ban several horrendous practices. That was the whole point of his 95 Theses.
Raphael Hythloday
In the year 1516, during the reign of King Henry VIII, Thomas More wrote Utopia, a book about social reformation. In it there are several characters who are presented as sensible nobles. The first is More, a fictional person who shares many similarities with the author, but should not always be assumed to have the same opinions as the real man. More (the fictional one) is in the service of the king of England (well, the real one is too, but we are not talking about him) and has traveled to Antwerp, in present day Belgium, to meet a friend by the name of Peter Giles. Like More, Giles was named after a real person, but has even less connection with the actual man because he did not author the story. Raphael Hythloday, however, is completely fake. Raphael is a world traveler and has spent several years on the island of Utopia, where everything is perfect. Hythloday means talker of nonsense in Greek while Utopia means nowhere in Latin. The author did this to ensure that his readers knew that the book is a work of fiction.
Hythloday was presented as sensible to begin with. He is a man who traveled the world. He had seen the land of perfection, Utopia, and stayed to find out what worked for them. At first, during a conversation between the three gentlemen, Raphael speaks of Utopia generally to ignite curiosity and to inspire the other men to bring the Utopian way of life to the known world. Hythloday’s initial ideas sound sane, but his later ideas sound a bit crazy. This is because he did not want to come off too strong at first before people had a chance to become acclimated with his style of ideas.
Thomas More wrote Utopia in 1516. Since then, books with similar topics have been continually published. Mores’ book depicted the world traveler, Raphael Hythloday as a sensible person at first but gradually becoming more and more ridiculous.