After the French Revolution and the era of Napoleon ended, the great powers of Europe met. This meeting was known as the Congress of Vienna and included Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia (France was to join later). Because they wanted to keep with traditional European institutions, such as the Church and Monarchies, these countries eagerly agreed to repress any revolutions and revolutionary ideas. Instituted in 1819 after a German university student killed a conservative, the Carlsbad Decrees were intended to persecute and bury liberal ideas. Revolutionary ideas had been rapidly spreading throughout fraternities in German universities. Under the guidance of the Austrian Minister of State, a man called Metternich, the Carlsbad Decrees shut down many schools hosting these revolutionary fraternities and liberal professors. The Decrees were divided into three parts: one concerning education, another for the press, and one for the construction of an investigation service. These decrees were the direct result of of Europe a crack-down on revolutionary ideas.