Foxe’s Martyrs was written in 1563 soon after the reign of Queen Mary I, who earned herself the moniker of “Bloody Mary” for her merciless persecution and slaughter of tens of thousands of Protestants. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII, himself an egotistical pig, tyrant, and ambitious to the ends of the earth. This was also the time of change and also the time of Queen Elizabeth I, Protestant to the core and Head of the Church of England. The book was received with enthusiasm because its author, John Foxe, filled it with the rhetoric of the last breath of tortured and dying Protestants. Foxe, an educated man and English historian, was also a devout Protestant. His goal in writing Foxe’s Martyrs was to contrast the horrible and cruel Catholic Church with the heavenly martyrdom of the Protestant believers. Intended for the upper crust, the book set the standard for the English language of that time and the following 200 years, and is still compelling today.
Foxe’s Martyrs was a book which contained two volumes in roughly 2000 pages. Foxe told stories of the martyrdom of Protestants from the roots of Protestantism, way before Martin Luther, up to his present day. One volume was “measured and recorded as roughly a foot long, two palm spans wide, was too deep to life with only one hand,” and weighed approximately ten pounds. Many editions were published since the original. However, critics questioned the reliability of Foxe’s early stories because any witnesses were dead, and had been so for a very long time. Primary documentation was also almost impossible, although Foxe attempted to truthfully document accounts where possible. The author rebutted his critics, responding by more extensive and continuing research to the best of his ability on the questions raised. Later accounts of martyrs were peppered with eyewitness stories and backed up by many primary source documents. In this way, Foxe inflated the narration and descriptions in his favor, downplaying any fault of the martyrs. He used metaphors, principally calling the Catholic Church satanic and Protestantism “The True Faith,” likening it to God in Heaven. He exaggerated the metaphor of Protestant England and the “lighted candle” and Latimer’s and Ridley’s story of burning at the stake for their involvement in the Lady Jane Grey affair. He quoted Latimer on the pyre as saying, “Be of good comfort, and play the man, Master Ridley; we shall this day light such a candle, by God’s grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out.” Foxe also used of Thomas Cranmer’s execution, championing the fact that Thomas purposely burned “his unworthy right hand…so that all men might see his hand burned before his body was touched,” because his heart had remained true to Protestantism while his hand had written recantations. By these methods and his bold use of rhetoric (which happens to be the undue use of exaggeration or display), Foxe’s tome emphasized England’s nationality under Protestantism. This book was expensive to print, and the average person couldn’t afford it for this reason. But because it emphasized England’s nationality, Queen Elizabeth I issued an edict to chain it to the pulpits in all the churches and preach from it every day. Therefore, it became a national treasure, establishing English language use.
Rhetoric is still used extensively today in many areas of speech and written English—for example politics and advertising—to sway the public especially using emotions over reason and logic. This use of language has become an integral part of all English speaking cultures today. Through Foxe’s masterful use of language, he transformed people’s perception of religion. Because of the book’s popularity largely due to Queen Elizabeth I, Foxe turned something useful only in the law courts into everyday language. Foxe’s Martyrs remains the most widely read book besides the Bible.