Phillip II was the king of Spain and the Netherlands, a devout Catholic, and the son of Charles V. His taxes and heavy handed anti-protestant policies lead to the Dutch Revolt in 1568.
The taxing problem could be traced to the reign of Charles V, who taxed the Netherlands to fund his many expensive wars with his neighbors. The Netherlands were a prime target for taxation because they were rich territories because of their entrepreneurial exploits. Success of the merchants dating back to the guilds of the Middle Ages allowed the Dutch to develop some degree of autonomous government. When Phillip II inherited this country, he demanded complete control of everything, including taxes, and was resented for this as well as for being Spanish. His father’s policies had been better tolerated because he had at least grown up in the Netherlands and spoke Flemish as a first language.
Previously, different religious were tolerated and everybody got along; but because he was Catholic, Phillip II wanted to stomp out all Protestantism, considered heresy by the Catholic Faith. Hated for its cruelty, subjectiveness, and erraticness, the Spanish Inquisition was partially brought to the Netherlands by Phillip II. His half sister, Margaret of Parma, was appointed Governor in those lands. The Duke of Alba was also sent to prevent uprisings and suppress the people. He raised taxes to 10%, killed all dissenters including the nobility, and spread unrest. Margaret soon resigned. Then, an exiled noble, William the Silent, the Prince of Orange, returned to conquer the northern Dutch provinces with his army of Protestants. The Dutch Revolution exploded.
Because of Phillip II’s robbery through taxation of the wealth of the Dutch people and his intolerance of religious difference, the Dutch Revolt was inevitable. Eventually, this led to the participation of other nations and independence for the Northern Netherlands.
What is the “Demonstration Effect?”
By Alexander Olbricht
10/2/16
The Dutch Revolt began in 1568 under Phillip II of Spain. After England became involved and the defeat of the Spanish Armada, Spain lost much of its power and influence, especially in its outlying territories, such as the Netherlands. With the freedom of the Northern Low Countries due to the efforts of William the Silent, these Dutch formed their own country, the Dutch Republic. This new nation set the standards for religious toleration, quality of life, and economic prosperity based on the free market. The Dutch Republic had no excess of rules and regulations, so culture thrived and the arts bloomed. Europe sat back on its haunches and waited to find out what would happen. They asked each other and themselves, “Would this work for us?” This whole process of observing the Dutch phenomenon of decreasing centralization and increasing peace under free market was called the “demonstration effect.”